Perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes vítimas de queimaduras, um estudo retrospectivo / Clinical and epidemiological profile of burn victims, a retrospective study

Introdução: No Brasil, queimaduras acometem cerca de um milhão de pessoas/ano, a maioria do sexo masculino. Além de prejuízos físicos e emocionais, há impacto econômico, com gastos para o sistema de saúde, indenizações e incapacidades laborais. Por estas razões, estudos epidemiológicos são importantes para traçar o perfil da população mais acometida, orientando a prevenção dessa afecção. Método: Revisão dos prontuários de 398 vítimas de queimaduras, internados na Santa Casa de Santos, de janeiro de 2016 até dezembro de 2019. Resultados: Os principais acometidos são homens, jovens, em ambiente doméstico, por líquidos aquecidos, causando em sua maioria queimaduras de segundo grau, atendidos em até 24 horas, considerados grandes queimados e internados em enfermaria por até duas semanas. Aproximadamente 90% recebeu alta com melhora, necessitando apenas de desbridamento e curativos. Conclusão: Nosso trabalho concorda com maioria das revisões em relação à prevalência do sexo masculino, jovens, economicamente ativos, em suas residências, com líquidos aquecidos, acidentalmente. Outros estudos apontaram crianças como as mais afetadas, mostrando necessidade de políticas voltadas a ambas as faixas etárias. Com relação à internação, a maioria permaneceu em enfermaria, com queimaduras de segundo grau, prevalecendo os grandes queimados, o que acarreta maior gravidade e custos. Esse dado vai contra alguns trabalhos, que apontam queimadura de segundo grau como principal, porém com menos de 10% da superfície corporal queimada. A maior parte dos pacientes, tanto neste quanto na maioria dos estudos, apresentou bom desfecho, sem necessidade de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva ou procedimentos cirúrgicos, mostrando a importância do desbridamento precoce e cuidados com curativos.

Introduction: In Brazil, burns affect around one million people/year, the majority of whom are male. In addition to physical and emotional losses, there is an economic impact, with costs for the health system, compensation, and work disabilities. For these reasons, epidemiological studies are important to outline the profile of the most affected population, guiding the prevention of this condition. Method: Review the medical records of 398 burn victims admitted to Santa Casa de Santos from January 2016 to December 2019. Results: The main victims were young men in a domestic environment, by heated liquids, mostly causing second degree burns, treated within 24 hours, considered major burns, and admitted to the infirmary for up to two weeks. Approximately 90% were discharged with improvement, requiring only debridement and dressings. Conclusion: Our work agrees with most reviews regarding the prevalence of young, economically active males with accidentally heated liquids in their homes. Other studies highlighted children as the most affected, showing the need for policies for both age groups. Regarding hospitalization, the majority remained in the ward, with second-degree burns, with major burns prevailing, which leads to greater severity and costs. This data goes against some studies, which indicate second-degree burns as the main burn, with less than 10% of the body surface burned. In both this and most studies, most patients had a good outcome, without needing an Intensive Care Unit or surgical procedures, showing the importance of early debridement and care with dressings.

Uso profiláctico de apósitos de silicona para minimizar las lesiones por presión: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Prophylactic use of silicone dressing to minimize pressure injuries: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo: La prevención de las lesiones por presión (LPP) adquiridas en el hospital en pacientes críticos sigue siendo un reto clínico importante debido a su alto riesgo de comorbilidad asociada. Se evaluó la eficacia preventiva de los apósitos de silicona en los pacientes ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos y en entornos no relacionados con dichas unidades. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en 3bases de datos electrónicas (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central) desde el inicio hasta diciembre de 2021. Se incluyeron los estudios que evaluaban la eficacia de los apósitos de silicona en la incidencia de LPP en la zona sacra. Las evaluaciones se informaron como ratios de riesgo relativo (RR) con intervalos de confianza al 95% y el análisis se hizo mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: De los 1.056 artículos recuperados en la búsqueda inicial, se incluyeron 11estudios en el análisis final. Los apósitos de silicona redujeron significativamente la incidencia de LPP en comparación con la atención habitual (RR: 0,30; IC 95%: 0,19-0,45; p<0,01). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los resultados de los estudios en contextos de cuidados intensivos (RR=0,25; IC 95%: 0,15-0,43; p<0,01) y en contextos de cuidados no intensivos (RR=0,38; IC 95%: 0,17-0,83; p=0,01) (interacción de p: 0,39). Los apósitos de silicona redujeron el riesgo de desarrollar LPP entre los pacientes que utilizaron el apósito de espuma de 5capas Border (Mepilex® Sacrum) (RR: 0,31; IC 95%: 0,20-0,48; p<0,01) y el apósito Allevyn Gentle Border® (RR: 0,10; IC 95%: 0,01-0,73; p=0,02) sin diferencias significativas tras el análisis de subgrupos (interacción de p: 0,27). Conclusión: El presente metaanálisis señala que los apósitos de silicona reducen de forma consistente la incidencia de las LPP en entornos de cuidados intensivos y no intensivos, independientemente del tipo de apósito utilizado.(AU)

Objective: Preventing hospital-acquired pressure injuries (PI) in critically ill patients remains a significant clinical challenge because of its associated high risk for comorbid conditions. We assessed the preventive effectiveness of silicone dressings among patients admitted in intensive care units and non-intensive care units settings. Methods:A literature search was conducted across 3electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central) from inception through December 2021. Studies assessing the effectiveness of silicone dressing on the incidence of PI on the sacral area were included. evaluations were reported as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval, and analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Results: Of the 1,056 articles retrieved from the initial search, 11studies were included in the final analysis. Silicone dressings significantly reduced the incidence of PI compared to usual care (RR: 0.30, 95%CI: 0.19-0.45, P<0.01). We found no significant difference between results of studies conducted in intensive care settings (RR=0.25, 95%CI: 0.15-0.43, P<0.01) and non-intensive care settings (RR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.17-0.83, P=0.01) (P-interaction: 0.39). Silicone dressings reduced the risk of developing PI among patients using five-layer foam Border dressing (Mepilex® Sacrum) (RR: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.20-0.48, P<0.01), and dressing Allevyn Gentle Border® (RR: 0.10, 95%CI: 0.01-0.73, P=0.02) with no significant difference upon subgroup analysis (P-interaction: 0.27). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis suggests that silicone dressings consistently reduce the incidence of PI in intensive as well as in non-intensive care settings, regardless of the type of dressing used.(AU)

Peripheral intravenous catheter securement: An integrative review of contemporary literature around medical adhesive tapes and supplementary securement products.

AIM: To synthesise evidence related to medical adhesive tapes and supplementary securement products for peripheral intravenous catheters in adults, to prevent complications and device failure. DESIGN: Integrative review informed by Whittemore and Knafl and reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. DATA SOURCES: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, EMBASE/MEDLINE and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health were searched from 2000-21 September 2020. REVIEW METHODS: Studies enrolling hospitalised participants >16 years with peripheral intravenous catheters secured by medical adhesive tapes, or supplementary products (bandage, splint and sutureless securement device), were eligible. Quality appraisal was performed using Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklists. RESULTS: Nineteen studies met criteria, including 43,683 peripheral intravenous catheters. Quality appraisal identified high or unclear risk of bias in 58% of studies. Nonsterile tape was the most common intervention tested (14 studies), alone or in multiproduct combinations. Nonsterile tape directly over insertion sites was associated with increased PIVC failure and complications. Sutureless securement devices potentially reduce failure and complications. Multiproduct combinations were very common. Practice recommendations regarding other tapes and secondary securement products are challenging, due to conflicting, or lack of, evidence. CONCLUSION: Tapes and secondary securement product evidence are limited, and over half of the studies are of low methodological quality. This review found nonsterile tape was associated with increased failure and complications; multiproduct dressing and securement bundles were prevalent; and significant evidence gaps exist particularly regarding bandages and splints. The results provide nurses with evidence of medical adhesive tapes and supplementary product effectiveness for peripheral intravenous catheter securement, and future research directions to reduce unacceptably high failure and complication rates. Larger rigorously conducted randomised controlled trials are needed to add to current evidence.

Effectiveness of moist dressings in wound healing after surgical suturing: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

The moist healing theory proves that a moderately moist and airtight environment is conducive to wound healing. However, different moist dressings have different functions. We aim to evaluate the effects of moist dressings on wound healing after surgical suturing and identify superior moist dressings. Randomised controlled trials investigating the application of moist dressings were retrieved from electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Wound healing, surgical site infection (SSI), and times of dressing change were assessed. The values of the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) curve were calculated based on the Bayesian network meta-analysis. Inconsistency tests and funnel plots were applied to analyse the consistency and publication bias. All the analysis complies with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 Checklist and AMSTAR (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews) Guidelines. Sixteen randomised controlled trials involving 4444 patients were pooled in the network meta-analysis. The ionic silver dressing (SUCRA, 93%) ranked first in wound healing, the metallic silver dressing (SUCRA, 75.9%) ranked first in SSI, and the hydrocolloid dressing (SUCRA, 73.9%) ranked first in times of dressing change. Inconsistency was only observed in wound healing, and no publication bias was observed in this study. The effects of moist dressings are better than gauze dressings in the process of wound healing. The ionic silver dressing is effective in wound healing, whereas the metallic silver dressing is effective in SSI prevention. The hydrocolloid dressing requires the fewest times of dressing change. More high-quality RCTs are required to support the network meta-analysis.

Prophylactic use of silicone dressing to minimize pressure injuries: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Preventing hospital-acquired pressure injuries (PI) in critically ill patients remains a significant clinical challenge because of its associated high risk for comorbid conditions. We assessed the preventive effectiveness of silicone dressings among patients admitted in intensive care units and non-intensive care units settings. METHODS: A literature search was conducted across 3 electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central) from inception through December 2021. Studies assessing the effectiveness of silicone dressing on the incidence of PI on the sacral area were included. Evaluations were reported as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval, and analysis was performed using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Of the 1056 articles retrieved from the initial search, 11 studies were included in the final analysis. Silicone dressings significantly reduced the incidence of PI compared to usual care (RR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.19-0.45, P<0.01). We found no significant difference between results of studies conducted in intensive care settings (RR=0.25, 95% CI: 0.15-0.43, P<0.01) and non-intensive care settings (RR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.17-0.83, P=0.01) (P-interaction: 0.39). Silicone dressings reduced the risk of developing PI among patients using five-layer foam Border dressing (Mepilex® Sacrum) (RR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.20-0.48, P<0.01), and dressing Allevyn Gentle Border® (RR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01-0.73, P=0.02) with no significant difference upon subgroup analysis (P-interaction: 0.27). CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis suggests that silicone dressings consistently reduce the incidence of PI in intensive as well as in non-intensive care settings, regardless of the type of dressing used.

Comparison of skin graft donor site management using oxidised regenerated cellulose (ORC)/collagen/silver-ORC with absorptive silicone adhesive border and transparent film dressing vs semi-occlusive dressings.

Split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) are widely used in wound reconstruction. However, donor site wounds are created as a result. Traditionally, moist wound healing and transparent film dressings have been used to promote donor site wound healing. This retrospective study evaluated the use of oxidised regenerated cellulose (ORC)/collagen/silver-ORC dressing (ORC/C/Ag-ORC) with an absorptive silicone adhesive border dressing and transparent film dressing (treatment) compared with petrolatum-based gauze dressing (control) over donor site wounds. Patients underwent an STSG procedure between January and December 2020. Donor sites received treatment (n = 10) or control (n = 10) dressings. Dressing changes occurred as necessary. Time to epithelialisation, narcotic pain medication requirements, and the number of office/hospital visits were examined. Twenty patients were managed (9 males, 11 females, average age: 49.7 ± 13.9 y). Patient comorbidities included hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Wound types included traumatic and cancer excision. Time to epithelialisation was significantly reduced in the treatment group (11.1 ± 1.4 d vs 18 ± 2.4 d, P < 0.0001). The number of office visits for dressing changes was significantly lower in the treatment group (0.1 ± 0.3 vs 2 ± 0.7, P < 0.0001). No patients in the treatment group required a hospital visit, compared with 3 patients in the control group. One patient in the treatment group required narcotic pain medication, compared with 5 in the control group. In this patient population, the use of ORC/C/Ag-ORC, an absorptive silicone adhesive border dressing, and transparent film dressing resulted in a shorter time to epithelialisation and less analgesic requirement compared with petrolatum-based gauze dressing use.

Dressing to prevent surgical site infection in adult patients with cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To identify the most effective dressing for application to surgical wounds with primary closure to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) in adult patients with cancer undergoing elective surgeries. METHODS: This systematic review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, with online searches conducted in the CINHAL, Cochrane Central, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Livivo, and Web of Science databases. An additional search was conducted in gray literature using Google Scholar. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment and Development and Evaluation, and the results were synthesized in a descriptive manner and using meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eleven randomized clinical trials were conducted to compare different types of dressing-silver dressing with absorbent dressing (n = 3), mupirocin dressing with paraffin/no dressing (n = 1), honey-based dressing with absorbent dressing (n = 1), vitamin E and silicone-containing dressing with absorbent dressing (n = 1), and negative pressure wound therapy with absorbent dressing (n = 4)-and compare the usage duration of absorbent dressing (n = 1). Nine trials presented a low risk of bias, and two were classified as having uncertain bias. Compared with absorbent dressing, silver dressing did not reduce the risk of developing any type of SSI in 894 clinical trial participants (risk relative RR: 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.44, 1.17] p = 0.18). Compared with absorbent dressing, negative pressure wound therapy did not reduce the risk of developing any type of SSI in the 1041 participants of two clinical trials (RR 0.68; 95% CI [0.31, 1.26] p = 0.22). The certainty of evidence of the three meta-analyses was considered low or very low for the prevention of SSI. We believe that this low certainty of evidence can be improved by conducting new studies in the future. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence regarding which dressing is the most effective in preventing SSI in adult patients with cancer.

Simplified vacuum dressing system: effectiveness and safety in wounds management

Purpose: Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has revolutionized wound care, but its high cost reduces the procedure's availability. To solve the problem, streamlined vacuum dressings systems have been proposed, but the utility of these devices has been poorly studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate a simplified vacuum dressing system model (SVDM). Methods: Randomized clinical trial in which wounds were treated with SVDM compared to a complex occlusive dressing (silver hydrofiber, SHF). The analyzed outcomes were cleaning, presence of granulation tissue, clinical appearance, and indication for surgical closure of wounds. Results: Fifty injuries were treated (25 in each group), most located on lower limbs. SVDM proved to be more effective than SHF in the evaluated outcomes. Wound recalcitrance reduced the effectiveness of the equipment used. Despite its efficacy, complications occurred, the most frequent related to dressing changes: minor bleeding, foam adherence to a wound bed, and pain. Only for bleeding no favorable risk-benefit ratio was found. There were no severe complications, worsening conditions of injuries, or deaths. Conclusions: SVDM proved to be an effective and acceptably safe device for managing studied wounds.

[Postoperative treatment following paranasal sinus surgery]. / Postoperative Versorgung bei Nasennebenhöhleneingriffen.

Postoperative care is a crucial aspect for the success of paranasal sinus interventions. Basic procedures include saline nasal wash, which should be started on the first postoperative day, topical steroids, and antibiotics in cases of infection. Medical treatment involves aspiration of secretion in the inferior meatus during the first week. Removal of scabs in the surgical field should be carried out under endoscopic control beginning at the second week. Intervals are scheduled individually. Occlusion of the nose for the time of epithelium regeneration provides a moist space in the ethmoid, which improves wound healing.

Cobertura profilática para lesões por pressão na face dos profissionais de saúde durante a COVID-19 / Cobertura profiláctica para lesiones por presión en la cara de los profesionales de la salud durante COVID-19 / Prophylactic dressing for pressure injuries in the face of health professionals during COVID-19

Objetivo: propor a elaboração de cobertura profilática para prevenção de lesão por pressão na face de profissionais de saúde pelo uso de máscara durante a pandemia provocada pela Covid-19. Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico dividido em 2 etapas: revisão narrativa de literatura e elaboração da cobertura profilática, utilizando critérios pré-estabelecidos pelos pesquisadores. Resultados: a cobertura profilática, proposta neste estudo, tem apresentação em rolo, não estéril e deverá ser utilizada somente em pele íntegra. Será composta por uma fita de silicone macio, perfurado, com micro aderência, de 2,5 cm de largura; camada central de espuma extrafina de poliuretano, com 1cm de largura; e parte externa de filme de poliuretano. Conclusão: a proposta da cobertura profilática promoverá a absorção da umidade, reduzirá a pressão e o cisalhamento e, consequentemente, as lesões por pressão na face de profissionais de saúde pelo uso de máscaras de proteção individual. (AU)

Objective: To propose the development of prophylactic dressing to prevent pressure injuries on the face of health professionals by the use of a mask during the pandemic caused by Covid-19. Methods: This a methodological study divided into two stages: narrative review of the literature and elaboration of prophylactic dressing, using pre-established criteria by the researchers. Results: The prophylactic dressing, proposed in this study, has a roll presentation, not sterile and should be used only on intact skin. It will be composed of a soft silicone tape, perforated, with micro-adherence, 2.5 cm wide; central layer of extra-fine polyurethane foam, with 1 cm wide; and external polyurethane film. Conclusions: The prophylactic dressing proposal will promote moisture absorption, will reduce pressure and shear and, consequently, pressure injuries on the face of health professionals through the use of individual protection masks.(AU)

Objetivo: proponer el desarrollo de coberturas profilácticas para prevenir lesiones por presión en el rostro de los profesionales de la salud mediante el uso de mascarilla durante la pandemia causada por Covid-19. Métodos: se trata de un estudio metodológico dividido en 2 etapas: revisión narrativa de la literatura y elaboración de la cobertura profiláctica, utilizando criterios preestablecidos por los investigadores. Resultados: la cobertura profiláctica, propuesta en este estudio, tiene presentación en rollo, no es estéril y debe usarse solo sobre piel intacta. Consistirá en una cinta de silicona microadhesiva perforada, suave y de 2,5 cm de ancho; capa central de espuma de poliuretano extrafina de 1 cm de ancho; y parte exterior de película de poliuretano. Conclusión: la propuesta de cobertura profiláctica promoverá la absorción de humedad, reducirá la presión y el cizallamiento y, en consecuencia, las lesiones por presión en el rostro de los profesionales de la salud mediante el uso de máscaras de protección individual.(AU)

Evolución de la herida quirúrgica en pacientes intervenidos de artroplastia total de rodilla en los que se utilizaron cuatro tipos de apósitos distintos / Evolution of the surgical wound in patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery, using four different types of wound dressing

Objetivo: valorar la evolución de la herida quirúrgica en pacientes intervenidos de artroplastia total de rodilla en los que se utilizaron cuatro tipos de apósitos distintos.Método: estudio observacional a pacientes quirúrgicos de artroplastia de rodilla de la Unidad de Cirugía Ortopédica de Rodilla del Hospital Clínic (Barcelona). El primer día postcirugía, la enfermera curaba la herida quirúrgica (HQ) y colocaba un apósito, de los cuatro usados para el estudio. Los apósitos se distribuyeron en grupos de pacientes de 25. Se valoró el tiempo de permanencia del apósito, aparición de complicaciones (flictena, dehiscencia, exudado), confort por parte del paciente y facilidad en la colocación por parte de la enfermera. Las medidas de evaluación se tomaron a los siete días postcirugía en el momento de la cura en consultas externas. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, con frecuencias, media y desviación estándar (DE).Resultados: se reclutaron 100 pacientes. El tiempo medio (DE) de permanencia fue superior en el Apósito 1 6,34 (1,56). Las complicaciones de HQ fueron menores en Apósito 4 (1 flictena, ninguna dehiscencia). El exudado moderado/abundante de HQ fue menor en Apósitos 1 y 4 (16% en ambos casos). La enfermera valoró facilidad en la colocación del Apósito 1, 2 y 4, en el 100% de pacientes. Los pacientes con mayor confort fueron los del grupo Apósito 1 (96%), aportando peor valoración los sujetos del grupo Apósito 4 (76%).Conclusiones: los apósitos 1 y 4 han mostrado un número mayor de ítems favorables (tiempo permanencia, facilidad colocación, menos complicaciones), con especial relevancia desde el punto de vista de la comodidad del paciente, superior en el Apósito 1 respecto al Apósito 4.(AU)

Objective: to assess the evolution of surgical wounds in patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery, using four different types of wound dressing.Method: an observational study on surgical patients with total knee replacement, from the Knee Orthopedic Surgery Unit of the Hospital Clínic (Barcelona). The first day after the procedure, the nurse treated the surgical wound (SW) and applied one dressing of the four used for the study. Each wound dressing was allocated to a 25-patient group. There was an assessment of time of permanence of the dressing, development of complications (phlyctena, dehiscence, exudate), comfort for the patient, and ease of application for the nurse. Evaluation measures were taken at seven days after the procedure, at the time of treatment in the outpatient unit. There was descriptive analysis, with frequencies, mean, and standard deviation (SD).Results: one hundred (100) patients were recruited. The mean time (SD) of permanence was higher for dressing 1: 6.34 (1.56). Surgical wound complications were lower with dressing 4 (1 phlyctena, no dehiscence). SW moderate/heavy exudate was lower with dressings 1 and 4 (16% in both cases). The nurse valued the ease of application for dressings 1, 2 and 4, in 100% of patients. The patients in the dressing 1 group reported higher comfort (96%), while the worse assessment was made by the subjects in the dressing 4 group (76%).Conclusions: wound dressings 1 and 4 have shown a higher number of favorable items (time of permanence, ease of application, lower number of complications), with special relevance from the point of view of patient comfort, superior with dressing 1 vs. dressing 4.(AU)

Tissue adhesives for peripheral intravenous catheter securement: A prospective randomized controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: In some patients securing the peripheral intravenous cannula (PIVC) with a standard adhesive dressing can be difficult because of sweat or other body fluids. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of tissue adhesives alone as a means to secure PIVCs inserted in the emergency department. METHODS: We performed a prospective interventional pilot study from November 2019 to May 2020 in a medical emergency department of an urban tertiary hospital. Patients were randomized to two groups: tissue adhesives (TA) or adhesive dressing (AD) group. After randomization we followed them until day 4. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between TA and AD groups in the rate of unplanned removal of PIVCs in the first 72 h (57.1% vs. 45.8%, p = 0.29), the rate of unplanned removal of PIVCs in the ED (0% vs. 2.1%, p = 1.00), the rate of unplanned removal of PIVC in the first 24 h (42.8% vs. 35.4%, p = 0.52), as well as in the rate of phlebitis (7.1% vs. 14.6%, p = 0.34) and the rate of any blood-stream infection (0% vs. 0%, p = 1.00). CONCLUSION: We did not observe any significant differences when PIVCs inserted in the emergency department were secured with tissue adhesives alone, compared to standard adhesive dressings. We observed a high rate of unplanned removal of PIVCs, necessitating further research to determine more reliable ways of securing PIVCs.

Occlusive treatment enhances efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% in a pediatric patient with severe alopecia areata: Case report and literature review.

Tacrolimus is an immunomodulatory drug, available for topical and systemic treatment of several dermopathies that are characterized by immune dysregulation. In the case of alopecia areata, standard application has proven insufficient to yield satisfactory results. Herein, we present a 6-year-old patient with Down syndrome who was treated with topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment under occlusion overnight with remarkable clinical improvement within 4 months.

Products and technologies for treating patients with evidence-based pressure ulcers / Productos y tecnologías para el tratamiento de pacientes con lesiones por presión basadas en evidencias / Produtos e tecnologias para o tratamento de pacientes com lesões por pressão baseadas em evidências

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify products/technologies for treating patients with pressure ulcers with an evidence level 1. Method: this is an integrative literature review. A survey of studies was carried out using the United States National Library of Medicine Portal, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Virtual Health Library, National Library of Medicine(®), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latin American and Caribbean in Health Sciences, Nursing Database. Results: sixteen articles were selected with level of evidence 1. The findings were categorized into five categories: Topical therapy to promote healing; Alternative therapy to promote healing; Topical therapy to promote debridement; Topical therapy to minimize lesion contamination; Topical therapy to reduce lesion size. Final considerations: the 17 products/technologies identified favor/fast healing, debridement, minimize contamination and reduce lesion size to accelerate healing.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar productos/tecnologías para el tratamiento de pacientes con úlceras por presión con nivel de evidencia 1. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura. Los estudios se realizaron utilizando bibliotecas virtuales: Portal de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos, Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en Línea, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y bases de datos: Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina(®), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latinoamericano y Literatura del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Base de datos de enfermería. Resultados: se seleccionaron 16 artículos con nivel de evidencia 1. Los hallazgos se categorizaron en cinco categorías: Terapia tópica para promover la curación; Terapia alternativa para promover la curación; Terapia tópica para promover el desbridamiento; Terapia tópica para minimizar la contaminación de la úlcera; Terapia tópica para reducir el tamaño de las úlceras. Consideraciones finales: los 17 productos/tecnologías identificados favorecen/aceleran la curación, el desbridamiento, minimizan la contaminación y reducen el tamaño de las lesiones para acelerar la curación.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar produtos/tecnologias para tratamento de pacientes com lesões por pressão com nível de evidência 1. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura. Realizou-se levantamento de estudos, utilizando bibliotecas virtuais: Portal da Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos, Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, e bases de dados: National Library of Medicine (®), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Base de Dados de Enfermagem. Resultados: selecionaram-se 16 artigos com nível de evidência 1. Os achados foram categorizados em cinco categorias: Terapia tópica para promoção da cicatrização; Terapia alternativa para promover a cicatrização; Terapia tópica para promover o desbridamento; Terapia tópica para minimizar a contaminação da lesão; Terapia tópica para redução do tamanho das lesões. Considerações finais: os 17 produtos/tecnologias identificados favorecem/agilizam a cicatrização, o desbridamento, minimizam a contaminação e reduzem o tamanho das lesões para acelerar a cicatrização.

Curativo na ferida operatória para prevenção da infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes adultos oncológicos: revisão sistemática / Surgical wound dressing to prevent surgical site infection in adult oncological patients: a systematic review

Introdução: O manejo da ferida operatória limpa no pós-operatório é uma importante intervenção para prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico. O uso de curativo estéril na ferida operatória, aproximada por primeira intenção, deve ser utilizado de forma asséptica e tem como principal objetivo impedir a contaminação por microrganismo. No entanto, para as diretrizes clínicas para prevenção de infecção do sítio cirúrgico, não existe consenso sobre a escolha do curativo ideal. Objetivo: Sintetizar as evidências sobre o curativo efetivo para prevenção da infecção de sítio cirúrgico aplicado na ferida operatória, aproximada por primeira intenção, em pacientes oncológicos adultos submetidos a cirurgia eletiva. Materiais e Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática pautada no Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), registrada sob o número CRD42020156908, constituída das etapas: 1) Elaboração e registro do protocolo da revisão; 2) Delimitação da pergunta da revisão; 3) Definição dos critérios de elegibilidade; 4) Busca e seleção dos estudos; 5) Coleta de dados; e 6) Síntese e apresentação dos resultados da revisão sistemática. A estratégia de busca foi realizada nas bases de dados: Cochrane Central, Cinahl, Embase, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science. A estratégia de busca foi fundamentada no objetivo da revisão e adaptada para cada base de dados consultada. Utilizaram-se descritores controlados e palavras-chave, a saber: Neoplasms AND Bandages AND Surgical Wound Infection AND prevention and control. A literatura cinzenta consultada foi o Google Acadêmico e a ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. As etapas foram realizadas de forma independente e mascarada por dois revisores, e um terceiro para resolução de conflitos. Ao término da seleção dos estudos primários, realizou-se a busca manual nas listas de referências dos estudos primários incluídos. Resultados: A amostra compôs-se de sete ensaios clínicos aleatorizados. Os curativos absorventes foram comparados em cinco estudos incluídos. A mupirocina foi avaliada em dois estudos. Os curativos com prata foram avaliados em três estudos. O mel, a parafina, o tempo de retirada do curativo e a terapia por pressão negativa aparecem em um único ensaio cada. Em relação ao risco de viés, foram avaliados os sete estudos incluídos pela ferramenta da Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB 2), sendo seis de baixo risco e um estudo avaliado como risco incerto. A metanálise foi realizada com três ensaios que testaram curativo de prata versus o curativo absorvente, não demonstrando diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p= 0.77) na prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico. O Intervalo de Confiança (IC) do diamante metanalítico varia de 0,41 a 1,06, assim não demonstra diferença estatisticamente significante na efetividade entre os tipos de curativo. A certeza da evidência foi avaliada pelo sistema GRADE e foi considerada forte em todos os domínios. Conclusões: A ausência de padronização em relação ao tipo e tempo de curativo utilizados nos estudos pode ser um dificultador para as recomendações do curativo ideal. E apesar dos resultados promissores com curativo impregnado com prata, ainda não é possível concluir qual é o curativo mais efetivo aplicado na ferida operatória, para prevenção de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, com fechamento primário, em pacientes oncológicos adultos submetidos a cirurgia eletiva

Introduction: The management of clean surgical wounds in the postoperative period is an important intervention to prevent surgical site infections. The use of sterile dressings in operative wounds, held together by primary intention, should be used aseptically, with the main objective of preventing microbiological contamination. However, clinical guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection do not provide a consensus about the choice of the optimal dressing. Objective: The aim of this review was to summarize the existing evidence about effective surgical site dressings for the prevention of operative wound infections, held together by primary intention in adult oncological patients submitted to elective surgery. Materials and Method: This was a systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), registered under number CRD42020156908. It was developed according to the following phases: 1) preparing and registering the review protocol; 2) defining the review question; 3) defining the eligibility criteria; 4) searching and selecting the studies; 5) data collection; and 6) summarizing and presenting the results of the systematic review. The search strategy was carried out in the following databases: Cochrane Central, Cinahl, Embase, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy was based on the objective of the review and adapted for each of the consulted databases. Controlled descriptors and keywords were used, namely: Neoplasms AND Bandages AND Surgical Wound Infection AND prevention and control. The grey literature consulted was Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. The stages were carried out independently and blindly by two reviewers, while a third reviewer was used to settle any conflicts. After selecting the primary studies, the researchers manually searched the reference lists of the included primary studies. Results: The sample consisted of seven randomized clinical trials. Absorbent dressings were compared in five included studies. Mupirocin was evaluated in two studies. Silver dressings were evaluated in three studies. Honey, paraffin, dressing removal time, and negative pressure therapy all appeared in a single trial each. Regarding the risk of bias, the seven studies were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2); six presented a low risk of bias and one study presented uncertain risk. The meta-analysis was performed with three trials that tested silver dressings versus absorbent dressings, with no statistically significant differences (p= 0.77) in the prevention of surgical site infection. The confidence interval (CI) of the diamond ratio varied between 0.41 and 1.06, thus it did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in effectiveness between the types of dressing. Certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system, which considered it strong in all categories. Conclusions: The lack of standardization regarding the type and duration of dressing used in the studies can make it difficult to recommend the ideal dressing. And despite the promising results with dressings impregnated with silver, it is still not possible to conclude which is the most effective dressing applied to the surgical wound, to prevent surgical site infection, with primary closure, in adult cancer patients undergoing elective surgery

Cuidados de enfermagem a recém-nascido com infecção de sítio cirúrgico incisional profunda: relato de caso / Cuidados de enfermería a un recién nacido con infección del sitio quirúrgico incisional profunda: informe de un caso / Nursing care of a newborn with deep incisional surgical site infection: a case report

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever um caso de infecção de sítio cirúrgico do tipo incisional profunda ocorrido em um hospital infantil do Sul do Brasil, evidenciando os cuidados de enfermagem com o recém-nascido. Método Estudo de caso com coleta de dados em prontuário, aprovado pela Instituição e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos. Resultados A partir do diagnóstico de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, foi estabelecido um plano de cuidados específicos com a lesão, utilizando curativos oclusivos compostos por tecnologias especiais para acelerar o processo de cicatrização por segunda intenção. Conclusão Apesar da gravidade das lesões, o conhecimento científico e a habilidade dos enfermeiros assistenciais no tratamento da infecção de sítio cirúrgico proporcionaram ao neonato a cicatrização completa da ferida operatória e alta hospitalar previamente ao tempo estimado.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir un caso de infección del sitio quirúrgico incisional profunda ocurrido en un hospital infantil del sur de Brasil, destacando los cuidados de enfermería con el recién nacido. Método Estudio de caso con coleta de datos del expediente, aprobado por la Institución y por el Comité de Ética en Investigación con Seres Humanos. Resultados A partir del diagnóstico de infección del sitio quirúrgico, se estableció un plan de cuidados específicos con la lesión, utilizando apósitos oclusivos compuestos por tecnologías especiales para acelerar el proceso de curación por segunda intención. Conclusión A pesar de la gravedad de las lesiones, el conocimiento científico y la habilidad de los enfermeros en el tratamiento de la infección de sitio quirúrgico proporcionaron al neonato una cicatrización completa de la herida operatoria y alta hospitalaria antes del tiempo estimado.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a case of deep incisional surgical site infection in a children's hospital in South Brazil, emphasizing the nursing care measures provided to the newborn. Method Case study with data collection from medical record, approved by the institution and the Human Research Ethics Committee. Results From the diagnosis of surgical site infection, a plan was established for specific care of the lesion using occlusive dressings made with technologies aimed at accelerating the second-intention healing process. Conclusion Despite the severity of the lesions, the scientific knowledge and the skill of the nurses during treatment of the surgical site infection provided the newborn with full surgical wound healing and hospital discharge before the estimated moment.

Perfil microbiológico da colonização do sítio de inserção do cateter venoso central considerando dois curativos transparentes / Microbiological assessment of the colonization of a central venous catheter insertion site considering two transparent dressings

RESUMO: Modelo do Estudo: estudo transversal da fase prospectiva de um ensaio clínico. Objetivo: identificar os microrganismos e a sensibilidade antimicrobiana no sítio de inserção do cateter venoso central coberto pelo curativo gel de clorexidina ou pelo filme transparente de poliuretano. Metodologia: estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado com adultos críticos no período de abril a dezembro de 2014 em um hospital universitário no interior do estado de São Paulo. Imediatamente após a retirada do curativo, foi coletada amostra de swab da pele do sítio de inserção do cateter, semeado em placas de Agar sangue e Agar MacConkey e incubadas em estufas bacteriológicas a 35 °C. Nas amostras que apresen-taram crescimento bacteriano após 24 horas de incubação, foram realizados testes de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizando o equipamento automatizado Vitek II (Biomerieux®). Resultados: 45 pacientes fizeram uso do curativo gel de clorexidina e 47 utilizaram o filme transparente de poliuretano. No grupo com o curativo gel de clorexidina houve crescimento dos microrganismos Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis em 13 amostras de swabs. O Staphylococcus aureusapresentou resistência a oxacilina. No grupo do filme transparente de poliuretano seis amostras foram positivas com o crescimento de Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus e Klebsiella pneumoniae, esta resistente a amicacina (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase - KPC). Conclusão: os resultados demonstram maior crescimento bacteriano no sítio de inserção do cateter venoso central coberto pelo curativo gel de clorexidina quando comparado ao filme transparente de poliuretano. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Study design: a prospective, cross-sectional study. Objectives: identify microbiological growth at the insertion site of the central venous catheter covered by a chlorhexidine impregnated dressing or a transparent polyurethane dressing, and identify antimicrobial sensitivity. Methods: immediately after dressing removal, a skin swab was collected from the catheter insertion site and seeded in blood agar plates and MacConkey agar, then incubated in bacteriological incubators at 35 °C. After 24 hours, the plates were analyzed to verify the presence of microbial growth. In the samples that displayed microbial growth, the identification and the sensitivity test were performed using the automated equipment Vitek II (Biomerieux®). Results: A total of 45 patients were treated with chlorhexidine impregnated dressing and 47 with transparent polyurethane dressing. In the chlorhexidine dressing group, 13 swabs samples presented with microbial growth of the following bacterial populations: Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus aureus presented resistance to oxacillin. In the transparent polyurethane dressing group, six samples were positive for the growth of Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and amikacin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (Klebsiella pneumoniaecarbapenemase - KPC). Conclusion: The results demonstrate higher bacterial growth in the chlorhexidine impregnated dressing compared to the transparent polyurethane dressing. (AU)

Comparison of early and delayed removal of dressing following primary closure of clean and contaminated surgical wounds: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The usefulness of dressing a surgical wound beyond the first 24-48 h of surgery is currently a controversial issue. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the early and delayed removal of dressing following primary closure in the management of clean and contaminated surgical wounds. Systematic searches were conducted in various databases including Medline, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, and Embase from January, 1964 until October, 2019. We used the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess the quality of published trials. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In total, we analysed 10 studies with 1,708 participants. All the studies were randomized controlled trials, while the majority of studies had unclear or high bias risks. Early dressing removal was favoured with respect to surgical site infection (pooled RR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.29), patient's perception on safety (pooled RR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.76) and comfort (pooled RR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.74 to 1.22), while the remaining outcomes favoured delayed dressing removal. However, none of the factors had statistically significant difference between two interventions except the patient's perception on safety. To summarize, delayed removal of dressing is not superior to early removal following primary closure of clean or clean-contaminated surgical wounds.

Smile - Secure my intravenous line effectively: A pilot randomised controlled trial of peripheral intravenous catheter securement in paediatrics.

AIM: Evaluate the feasibility of an efficacy randomised control trial (RCT) of paediatric peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) securement to prevent failure without resultant skin damage. METHODS: A 3-arm, pilot RCT in an Australian paediatric hospital. Random assignment of 330 children to receive (i) bordered polyurethane dressing (BPU) + non-sterile foam (NSF), (ii) integrated securement dressing (ISD) + sterile foam (SF), or (iii) tissue adhesive (TA)+ NSF. Primary outcomes were feasibility and PIVC failure. Secondary outcomes included: skin/bloodstream infection; occlusion; infiltration; dislodgement; phlebitis; dwell; serious adverse events; acceptability and microbial colonisation of catheter tips, wound site, and foam. RESULTS: Most feasibility outcomes were confirmed; 98% of eligible patients consented, 96% received their allocated dressing and no patients were lost to follow up. Eligilbility feasibility (58%) was not met. 11 randomised patients did not require a PIVC. Of 319 patients receiving a PIVC (20,716 PIVC-hours), a significant reduction in PIVC failure was demonstrated with ISD, 31/107 (29%, p = 0.017) compared to BPU, 47/105 (45%). Although not statistically significant, compared to BPU, TA 34/107 (32%, p = 0.052) was associated with less PIVC failure. On Cox regression, no securement intervention significantly reduced PIVC failure. Older age (HR 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-0.96; p = <0.01), no infection at baseline (HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.34-0.78) and insertion by vascular access specialist (HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.26-0.64) were significantly associated with reduced failure (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: ISD and TA had reduced PIVC failure compared to BPU. A large efficacy trial to test statistical differences is feasible and needed.